Alice and Coraline

Austin Way English I Mr. Keiter February 28, 2013 Alice and Coraline Comparison The book Alice in Wonderland was written by Lewis Carroll. Coraline was written by Neil Gaiman. Each book was later turned into films to help better get a picture of the adventurous lands the girls traveled through. In the movies Alice in Wonderland and Coraline there are many similarities but also many differences. Though having many differences and similarities each film taught a lesson to the audience by showing the interesting journey of each girl and their adventures along the way.There are many similarities between the movies. In both stories the viewpoint figure meets a talking cat. The girls were around the same age during their adventures. They both went forward into a different reality due to their curiosity. When they arrived to this unknown place it was cool and interesting to them. They both went through a hole to get to this â€Å"opposite/wonderland†. They each started out pretty muc h unhappy with the way their life was. They both returned with a new sense of life.Both were in danger by a female dominate figure (Queen of hearts/Other Mother). Alice was uncertain about all that was happening around her. Coraline adored the change at first. Alice was set up more colorful and strangely cheery. Coraline was gothic looking and dark. Coraline had to help the souls of other girls who had fallen to the Other Mother, Alice didn’t. Alice grew and shrunk throughout the book/film, while Coraline stayed the same. In Alice in Wonderland Alice follows a talking white rabbit down a hole.In this hole is where her journey begins. Alice must kill Jabheiwoki to return to her normal life. Sadly when Alice returns home her family is the same. Though upset things haven’t changed Alice is now strong enough to stand up to her fiance that she doesn’t want to get married to. â€Å"Alice† is mostly a book without a plot telling of Alice's dream experiences whic h don’t particularly make sense but are not supposed to make sense. It is a dream tale. Alice herself is the viewpoint character and as such is very â€Å"normal†.Alice seems no different in â€Å"Through the Looking Glass and What Alice Found There†. Coraline is also the viewpoint character and very normal, but the events that happen to her, within the story, are supposed to be â€Å"real†, not a dream. In Coraline she also enters another world because her family doesn’t pay attention to her. She must trick and kill the other mother to return to her real life and get out of this button fancy. Coraline also saves her real family in the fancy land. When they return to real life the family is much closer and has a stronger relationship. Coraline† has a plot in which a mysterious spidery woman is attempting to persuade Coraline into remaining in this other world forever. No such temptation is ever laid before Alice. In Coraline others have previ ously been taken captive by the ruler of the world in which Coraline finds herself which is a plot element the like of which does not exist in â€Å"Alice†. Coraline must rescue them. â€Å"Alice† has some characters appear more than once, for example, the Duchess, the Cheshire Cat, and the Hatter but nothing that corresponds to a main plot. Coraline gets out of the clutches of the spidery woman by being clever.Alice gets out of her dream by just waking up. Coraline must crawl back through the hole after killing the other mother. Alice does not change in the story, or at least we are not shown enough of what she was like before the dream or after to see what kind of change in her personality may have occurred. Coraline changes and becomes happy for what she had but is also grateful that this whole experience brought her and her family closer. This was a big difference in the movies because this showed the message the author was trying to send to the audience.If the Que en of Hearts is compared to the spidery woman, it will be observed that they are quite different. The Queen of Hearts seems to be brutal but the reader is told that the many beheadings she orders never actually occur and that we are shown that the King pardons the poor gardeners. The Queen, like most characters in the story are mad, but she is being coddled and protected in her madness. The spider woman, on the contrary, is a force to be reckoned with and has real power. Later both girls realized it was just a front and the places become scary.Each girl then finds themselves fighting to get back home to their normal lives. The adventures, though scary, changed the lives of the young girls. They both became stronger in who they were. Although the girls weren’t very happy with their real life before their journeys, they were still happy to be home. They both learned something or became a stronger individual. Though they were scared during their journey, something good comes fro m everything bad. The girls learned to appreciate what they had and to be careful what they wish for.

Benefits of Coffee Essay

Kristen Kirkpatrick said that a study in 2012 showed that three or more cups of coffee a day lowers the risk of death regardless of whether participants drank caffeinated or decaffeinated coffee. 2. Makes your reproductive system happy d. Men would you like a drink that could lower your chances for prostate cancer? And ladies wouldn’t you like to lower your risk for endometrial cancer? e. Kirkpatrick also says that a 2011  study  found that men consuming at least six or more cups a day reduced their risk of prostate cancer by 20 percent! Another  study  published in the  Journal Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention  found that women who drank more than four cups of coffee a day had a 25 percent lower risk of endometrial cancer. 3. Lower risks of Type 2 diabetes f. A 2012  study  found that a compound in coffee can actually help block a substance in the body called human islet amyloid polypeptide that may play a role in the development of diabetes. Further  studies  have  demonstrated  that caffeinated coffee consumption is linked to decreased diabetes risk as well. 4. Protects your brain g. When you wake up to the smell of coffee in the morning do you usually smile? h. Coffee drinkers are less likely to develop dementia and Alzheimer’s later in life according to a study done in 2009 i. The smell of coffee can help reduce stress that could be associated with loss of sleep 5. Good for skin j. Drinking coffee may help you to ward off basal cell carcinoma So, the next time you are wondering whether you should have that second cup of coffee to perk you up, relax. At least now you know how it could help you!

Reflection on Major Paper #1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reflection on Major Paper #1 - Essay Example I was also able to develop a thesis statement on the first paragraph. The thesis statement was on analysis of the factors that influence oral participation in a foreign language class and its relations with English language development. Additionally, i was able to come up with a topic sentence in each paragraph. This helped in giving direction the rest part of the paragraph would take. Further, the topic sentence at the beginning of the paragraph helped in ensuring that the rest of the paragraph covered the same issue. Hence, there was no mixing of ideas in one paragraph. The other easy part was in coming up with a conclusion. The conclusion helped me demonstrate ability to analyse the issue. As a result, i was able to bring all the issues discussed in the body together. However, the most challenging thing was in finding sources. I had no idea of where to get the correct information that was credible on the topic. I had to roam from one search engine to another. This made it difficult to collect and analyse information that was credible. In conclusion, this first writing exposed me to many things. I believe it laid the foundation for me conducting more research on several issues. Moreover, I believe I will be able to work on few challenges such as searching for information and some punctuation errors that emerged in this

Seattle public library Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Seattle public library - Essay Example In addition to the cafe, the building has a floor of information desks where mixing takes place commonly referred to as the mixing chamber. The plan of the floor is simple. When a visitor is outside the building, he or she can see the bevelled metal-and-glass concealment of the library. It gives a better view of the building as it spirals up. A laminated sheet available at the information desk guides a visitor without the use of a tour-guide. Innovation in technology Rem Koolhas, the designer and architecture behind the Magnificent Seattle Library. Koolhas has adequate experience besides being a former resident of Seattle. He was at the core of policy debate in designing the budiling. Such issues affect major parts of the world experiencing fiscal, globalization, and demographic challenges. Koolhas identified imitation and innovation as well as other strategies in pursuing the development of the library. Innovation is one of the primary objectives of architects and in most cases, it guarantees development in design. In doing this, the architect differentiates technology innovation that entails influences in the entire industry from process or design innovation, which covers modification of the process of construction. Koolhas classifies innovations into two differentiating them based on those from the laboratory and those on the market that enhance innovation. The management of the company also comprehends the other aspe ct of innovation that differentiates incremental innovation from path-breaking innovative mechanisms guided by the magnitude of originality besides the capacity to attain innovation standards. Simply, the architect refers to this as the distinction between discontinuous and continuous innovation processes. The Library has several service priorities guiding delivery of services. Youth and early learning tops the list of service priorities.The staffs and management at The Seattle Public Library offer support to early learning in addition to

The Profit Motive In American Society Term Paper

The Profit Motive In American Society - Term Paper Example Capitalism is not just any system as it facilitates the economy of a nation by allowing its citizens to own their businesses by creating the services and goods needed by others in exchange for money. It is said that the main objective of the system is to gain the profit which anybody would love to have as they get to grow their money (Nee 3). Ultimately, the growth means more purchasing power for the owners of the money and they can buy more of what they want and need. Profit is not the only consideration in a capitalist economy as market competition also exists. Market competition occurs as there is more than one provider of the same product or service to customers whether the clients are consumers or businesses. The competition becomes stiff when there are many providers in the same niche market or industry (Metcalfe and Warde 1). It leads to close fight for market share and the tendency to offer the prices of the commodities lower than the competing brands just to increase sales.P rofit may be connected to capital accumulation which is different from the competition. Accumulation of capital is pursued to grow the business and multiply the money. For stock corporations, the growth can provide additional dividends to stock holders or provide additional shares in the stock. Employees also receive the increase in their remuneration when they perform well and as the business grows. Capitalism has various formats and variations depending upon the culture and geographical setting of the system.

Week 5 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Week 5 - Research Paper Example From the output shown above, we can assess the categorical variables. This indicates that how many people gave each response. No mean or standard deviation requirement is appropriate as it does not make any sense for categorical variables, such as sex, marital status etc. From the table we can note that there are total of â€Å"537† with sub groups ranging from ‘0’ to ‘6’ along with frequency, percent, valid percent and cumulative percent. Frequency table for all other variables â€Å"number of persons living in this household, gender (male, female), helper (professional, service support, blue collar, unemployed/ Retired, student, DTS), marital status (Single, married, DTS), number of years in school(1-19yrs), ethnic(Asian, Mexican, Caucasian, black, Hispanic) and income(15000- 50,000 and above)† are similar to the categorical variable of children. The first table illustrates the gender with 325 female respondents and 212 male respondents. While the types of the problem experienced by the gender includes 229 respondents for goal disruptive, 209 relational break, 86 illnesses and 13 catastrophic. Second output elaborates that mean of the helper as dependent variable. The independent variable will be gender (male and female) and the problem experienced. The typical research question of interest is: do males and females differ significantly in experiencing problems, which problem is more among male or females? And is the influence of two variables idiosyncratic i.e gender has one effect in a particular problem, but a different effect in the different problem. There is no significant main effect for the problem as the M= - 0.2738 for Goal Disruptive , M= 0.1729 for relational break, M= 0.2742 for illness and M= 0.2672 for catastrophic. F= 12.187 and p=0.0000, a lot less than

Proposed Keystone XL Pipeline from Canada to Gulf Coast Research Paper

Proposed Keystone XL Pipeline from Canada to Gulf Coast - Research Paper Example It summarizes key arguments for and against the pipeline presented by the pipeline’s developers, federal agencies, environmental groups, including other stakeholders’. Finally, this report points out the reasons why the remainder of this project has not been approved and how politics has influenced this approval. How likely the project is to be approved after the just concluded November U S presidential election? The Keystone Pipeline is a project designed for transportation of synthetic crude oil from North Alberta’s oil field in Canada, to various destinations in Texas US. The Keystone XL extension of this pipeline was proposed in 2008. In September 2009, the hearings started, with the extension project being approved on March 11, 2010 by the Canadian National Energy Board. However, the issue became politicized and has faced several lawsuits and rigorous criticism from citizens and environmentalists groups. The development of the pipeline came to a standstill in November 2011 as an ultimate decision was postponed into 2013. The pipeline is owned by TransCanada Pipeline- a Canadian energy company. Founded in 1951 in Calgary, the company is a leading North American energy company developing and operating energy infrastructure in North America. It has a pipeline network of approximately 59000km. TransCanada signed contracts with Bakken oil producers to carry oil from the keystone region through the keystone pipeline. This project would be operational by 2013 if the Keystone XL Pipeline received regulatory approvals. The project seeks to double the capacity of the initial keystone pipeline system by connecting it with the US gulf coast. This will make possible the delivery of an estimated 1.1 million barrels of Canadian crude oil to the US market daily (http://stateimpact.npr.org). The proposed route would start from Hardisty, Canada and connect to the existing network in Steele city, Nebraska until Cushing, Oklahoma,

Prospects of a Future Revolution in Iran Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Prospects of a Future Revolution in Iran - Essay Example Post-Revolutionary leaders in Iran, in an effort to consolidate their power and destroy opposition, have undertaken a number of social policies focused on rural and urban populations to encourage the development of a healthier, better educated, and more sophisticated society (Keddie, 2006). Although improvements emerged, there has been a socio-cultural realignment, suggesting that the official Iran of devout multitudes may not be a majority, as compared to the â€Å"other† Iran of a largely modern, progressive, and pragmatically secular citizenry (Afshari, 2009, p.840). This projection is supported by the June 2009 Green Revolution in which the Islamic Republic of Iran faced a legitimacy crisis, the like of which it had not experienced since its creation in 1979. The 2009 experience has critical differences as well as deja vu similarities to the 1979 Revolution. The clerical cloth of legitimacy has undeniably been tattered in the recent uprising and demonstrations; however, th e prospects of another revolution still remain uncertain because of crucial contextual changes. Nevertheless, the interest of the international community for the Green Revolution to succeed and lead Iran to peaceful integration within the world system of nations is a force that can have a significant determining value in the balance of power in Iran domestically. For a long time, academic scholars have tried to identify what produces a revolution. Of all possible factors, political scientist James DeFronzo identifies five as critical for success: Mass frustrations among urban or rural populations that result in popular uprising, dissident elite political movements that pit some elite members against the existing government, unifying motivations for revolution that cut across major groups and mobilize the majority of society’s population behind the goal of revolution, severe political crisis that paralyzes the administrative and coercive capabilities of the state, and permissi ve or tolerant world context towards the development and success of a revolution in a given nation. In the case of Iran, unified motivation among major groups was the fundamental factor in ensuring the revolutionary success of 1979. More than two decades of autocratic rule caused the social base of support for the Pahlavi monarchy to decline. Loyalists, primarily from the aristocratic core and the non-aristocratic upper class, constituted less than 0.01 percent of the population- a meager force in defense of the regime (Abrahamian 1989: DeFronzo, 304). The majority of the population- the traditional middle class, the modern middle class, and the sub-proletariat class-demanded more reforms, more human rights, more freedom, and more democracy. Two main revolutionary movements formed: The first was the religious movement headed by the Ulema, demanding return to a society based on the Shari’ah and religious administration (Hooker, 1996). The second movement was liberal, promoting modernism, democracy, openness in government, wider participation, and increased social justice via economic development for the poor. Opposition to the regime also included a radical Marxist-Leninist element consisting of the ‘Peoples Fedayeen’ and the ‘People’s Mojahadeen’ (Feldman, 2007). Initially, the Shah and the West fixated on these Leftist elements in the Cold War paradigm, causing them to disregard the threat of Islamic fundamentalism as a movement. (Feldman, 2007) Historians, political theorists, and contemporary

Marketing Management. Fast food Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Marketing Management. Fast food - Assignment Example In Canada fast food restaurant include Boston Pizza, Tim Horton and Swiss Chalet. In the UK fast food restaurants include included Easy Pizza, and Pizza Express. In this market the restaurant form chains which are in most cases centrally controlled, this restaurants have been criticised in the past that excess consumption of these foods will lead to obesity, the direct advertisements to children, the reduction of local cuisines and their lack to provide employment. Consumer behaviour is changing and the fast food industry is loosing market share to other restaurants that produce expensive meals to consumers, also the campaign against the consumption of these fast foods has led to a decrease in consumption. Advertising in the fast food restaurant is through television commercials, the print media, billboards and events sponsoring. Recently this food restaurant are now changing to internet advertising due to increased criticisms on television and media, Branding includes clothing, direct signs and posters. McDonald has sponsored the Olympic Games, FIFA world cup and NASCAR teams. Advertising plays a major role in marketing a product; advertising informs consumers on existing products, communicates the information about a product, stimulates the distribution of a product, increases product usage and finally builds brand preferences and loyalty through constant and consistent promotional campaigns. Fast food advertising in 2001 amounted to 635 million dollars for McDonald, 298 million dollars for Burger King, 179 million dollars for Tacos Bell and 148 million dollars for Pizza Hut. (http://www.ijbnpa.org/content/pdf/1479-5868-1-3.pdf) According to the fast food industry statistics the fast food industry is losing popularity due the constant campaigns, the campaigns are usually based on the fact that the food they produce cause obesity, the advertisement of junk food to children and this has led to countries introducing strict limitation on fast food advertisement and this has made them to advertise through the internet as an alternative to reach their customers. We there fore analyse the MacDonald restaurant to view their strategic planning on market throughout its historical development from a small restaurant to a multinational restaurant. Mc Donald Fast Food Restaurant. Mc Donald is the largest fast food restaurant in the world. It has dominated the American market and the rest of the world. The restaurant has many branches all over the world and they are similar in their services, staff uniform, menu, packaging and services with a smile. The principle of this restaurant is efficiency, calculability, uniformity and control through automation. It was founded in 1940 by Dick and Mac McDonald. This company has branches in 199 countries and serves close to 5 million customers dairy. In 2005 report, the company had a total of 45,777 employees, in the same year total revenue amounted to 20.466 billion US dollars and the net income to the restaurant amounted to 2.602 billion US dollars. The volume of food used every year are 32,000 tonnes of beef, 21,500 tonnes of chicken, 100 million eggs and 7,250 tonnes of cheese just to mention a few. Mc Donald and Dick ventured into the food business in 1937 by opening a hotdog stand in Arcadia California, they later expanded their business and in 1940

Florida's Multicultural Community And Political Processes In Cuba Research Proposal

Florida's Multicultural Community And Political Processes In Cuba - Research Proposal Example Authorities in Cuba emphasize the significance of developing appropriate political relationship and formulation of excellent foreign policies (Buffington 2012). This facilitates exemplary performance and international trade relations especially in the exchange of sugar that the nation produces in large quantities. Although Cuba had cordial political and foreign relations with the Soviet Union, the nation had antagonistic relations with the US. The distance and antagonistic relations were evident due to differences in political policies (Buffington 2012). The US was against the nation’s growing relations with the Soviet Union and the adoption of communism. The policies failed to promote democratic electoral process and tolerance for emerging opposition leaders. The unconventional policies prompted the US under the leadership of John F. Kennedy to impose trade sanctions against Cuba (Buffington 2012). The sanctions were meant to cut foreign engagement between the nations and ensure that the Cuban leaders adopt favorable economic policies that are sustainable. Authorities in Florida have adopted stringent measures to ensure that the intentions of the sanctions are attained. The authorities engaged in deliberations to compel Cuban officials to eradicate communist policies and encourage democratic political processes. The authority’s state that operations between the two regions will be further jeopardized if Cuba fails to adopt modern democratic practices (Clendinning 2008). The officials are categorical that Cuban immigrants will not be allowed in California. The unconventional democratic practices and the communist guidelines severely affected the nation’s economic advancement. The practices also halted the realization of cordial relations that are achievable through the adoption of friendly foreign policies.This paper evaluates the role of Florida's multi-cultural c ommunity in maintaining America's sanctions against Cuba.

Urbanisation Essay Example for Free

Urbanisation Essay London in the 18th century brought about a revolution in urbanisation and the expansion of an urbanised city began in England and spread rapidly all around Europe. Urbanisation brought a dramatic and radical change to London, significantly in the impact of the Industrial Revolution which was effected urban society. There were both general and particular reasons why the eighteenth century was a century of urban growth and amoung the general reasons were the rise in national population, the expansion of industry and commerce, and the displacement of growing numbers of country-dwellers by an agricultural revolution. [1] At the beginning of the 18th century, Britain was primarily an agricultural country with most people living in rural areas and the majority of workers and industires operated within a domestic system. 2] This involved people working in their own homes to produce goods and also to cultivate food on their own farm or piece of land. During the 18th centuy, there was a gradual move away from this way of working and the growth of urbanisation changed the domestic system to improve the lives of the British public. Urbanisation brough together all the manpower it required, whether for manual work or for the tertiary sector where the new age was creating more and more jobs, especially once London became more urbanised. 3] A further indicator of the abundance of the labour supply was the enormous number of domestic servants and at the end of the 18th century, domestic servants made up over 15% of the population of London and ultimately, England had no labour shortage as it was being urbanised. [4] The invention of machines after the industrial revolution led to a transformation in the ways in which goods could be produced and the speed and scale of the process of the 18th century, saw significant changes in the size, location and lifestyle of the British population. 5] Industrialisation was a very important influence in stimulating the movement to urbanisation and the growth of factories and the availibility of work in them attracted people from rural areas and sustained higher densities of people in London. Industrialisation was a majour factor in the population growth and urbanisation in London in the 1700s and although it initially created a new urban poverty, the living standards of the working cla ss rose from the mid-18th century onwards as new employment opportunities became vailable. [6] During the 18th century, major improvements occurred whilst London was being urbanised, especially in agricultural prodoction. Modern scientific farming methods brought about new tools and farming machines, new methods, improved crops and employment rose. [7] In 1702, 1757, 1769 and 1773 Parliament passed legislation, liberalizing the economy and this led many to conclude that libralization significantly contributed to accelerate growth, due to urbanisation. 8] The vast majority of economic historians do not believe that any of these variables alone was responsible for the boom in the British economy, although many believe that urbanisation was essential for the Londons improvement in its economy beause it is frequently asserted that it was the concomitant effect of all of them that delivered the improved performance. [9] Farming was modernised through the use of enclosure, the enlargement of farms, the use of new methods, new crops and the population grew, commerce expanded, and Lon don promoted exports. 10] Due to urbanisation and the industrial revolution, the English countryside intergrated into the islands national market; as a component part of this network, English farms fed the population of the towns and industrial conurbations; they were the essential component in a domestic market which provided London to continue to develop in its early days. [11] It also had colonies, and London enjoyed the same stock of natural resources as it did a century later, all because of London becoming urbanised and it brought London into political stability as it also liberalised the economy. 12] Within the industrial revolution as a whole, Britian went through a series of individual revolutions once London became more urbanised and the British public revolutionised in its agriculture, demography, inland transport, technoloy, trade and industry. [13] As Europes commetial and finantial centre of gravity shifted to London in the early 18th century, a strong territorial state and an intefrated national economy provided the resources for a new type of commercial metropolis, the modern â€Å"world city. [14] Although urbanisation brought prosperity to London, the social consequences of urbanisation left a huge social upheaval in the 18th century which had a majour effect on the physical and social conditions in which people had to live. The consequences of a large mass of people moving to live around new factories in a relatively short space of time included – housing shortages and squalor, sanitation problems, public health problems and regular utbreaks of disease and exploytation of workers and widespread poverty. [15] As the population increased in Britain, people moved from the countryside to the unrestrainedly frowing towns, which faced serious public health problems. The poor physical conditions in urban areas in the 18t h century led to majour public health problems and rapidly growing cities experienced majour outbreaks of disease, epidemics and other problems of : overcrowded, damp, and poorly ventilated housing. 16] Urbanisation also contributed to the lack of an effective sewerage system, industrial pollution, the lack of a clean water supply and a lack of undertanding about how infectious diseases were spread and so, many people living in the 18th century died at a relatively young age of infectious diseases that were contracted because of the public health condition, a lack of servises and multiple disease epidemics at the time. 17] As London became larger, the disposal of residential and industrial wastes became even more of a challenge, partly as a result of the mountening pressure for people to migrate to cities; the growth in urban populations stripped the availibility of basic servises such as – water, transportation and electricity. [18] As a result, life in London in the 18th Century in the urban shantytownes was plagued by poverty, pollution, congestion, homelessness and unemployment. The rapid expansion also led to problems of overcrowding and insanitary conditions, bringing desease, high death rates and it was therefore only through substantial migration from the countryside that London could continue to grow. [19] Whilst England had its small though rapidly expanding population, it became the most urbanisted country in Europe in the sense that the larger proportion of its citizens lived in a directly urban environment than anywhere else. Although there were many positire reactions to London being urbanised, many critics gave cynical views on the dramatic changes of the city. As David Landers has said, â€Å"Industrialisation in England had the effect of concentrating larger numbers of weavers and spinners in manufactoring districts which, thought still rural and not yet urban, became densely packed: full of people as Defoe wrote of the country around the Halifax in the West Riding. †[20] As Jacques Bertin said, I admit I am still completely in the dark about what industrilisation means. Does it mean railways? Cotton? Coal? Metals? So, even at the time of the industrial revolution, urbanisation wasnt highly liked and many were bemused by the act that London was evolving. [21] Since urbnisation meant everything – society, economy, political structures and public opinion, the most ambitious kind of history could not embrace it because the industrial revolution along with the urbanisation of London – it threw Britain into upheaval and it was not a netely-definable phenomenon. [22]There were also pessimists who, seeing its expansion, bel ieved that urbanisation was sucking in the life-blood of the nation, among them was Dr. Richard Price, who wrote gloomingly in 1783 that the inhabitants of the cottages thrown down in the country fly to London, there to be corrupted and perished. [23] This already is a strong indication that urbanisation was not the majour element in the onset of revolutionising London; this conclusion is reinforced by the analysis of urbanisation trends and it was not the traditional network of cities which was the basis of the new industrialisation process and this process was essentially located in very small towns or villages, which obviously later became big cities. 24] Urbanisation strengthened the political power of workers and of those engaged in business, with a middle class, the bourgeoisie, formed out of managers, suppliers of services, investors, bankers, industrialists, engineers and others whose well-being depended on industrialisation and urbanisation. [25] Although urbanisation did bring prosperity to London, H.  Shmal has suggesed that high levels of urbanisation actually limited the possiblities of productive investement, especially in the new sectors and consumption demanded from the cities and even the construction needed to be absorbed to a large share of resources, that ultimately resulted in poor living and unhealthy living conditions. [26] High levels of urbanisation in London created urban under-employment, and therefore, lowered productivity on the whole economy and this under-employment also lead to a too large tertiary sector, and to rigidity in the offer and mobility of the labour force. [27]

The rate of photosynthesis in the elodea Essay Example for Free

The rate of photosynthesis in the elodea Essay Put the boiling tube in a beaker surrounded by ice. Ensure the thermometer is standing upright in the beaker.   Note the initial temperature and maintain this throughout the experiment, either by means of adding or reducing the ice content.   Place the electric bench lamp towards the elodea specimen   Allow the elodea specimen to settle for five minutes or so.   On the fifth minute start timing for a further five minutes and count the amount of bubbles observed. Note: The same procedure must be carried out for the other two experiments, only altering the content outside the boiling tube. In order to keep the water temperature at 45o C, it is advised that cool water or some heated water (from the kettle) is added depending on the temperature observed. Prediction: I predict that when the elodea specimen is placed in ice, a few (one or two) oxygen bubbles will be observed, therefore photosynthesis will be limited. When the elodea specimen is placed in water at 45o C, more bubbles will be seen and hence the rate of photosynthesis will increase At room temperature, some bubbles will be seen but much less compared to the 45o C investigation, since the temperature is in between. Results: Ice: Time (minutes). Number of bubbles observed 1 1 2 1 3 3 4 0 5 0 Total: 5 Water maintained at 45o C: Time (minutes) Number of bubbles observed 1 3 2 10 3 12 4 3 5 1 Total: 29 Water at room temperature (tap water): Time (minutes) Number of bubbles observed 1 0 2 2 3 3 4 3 5 3 Total: 11 Discussion: From looking at my results, it appears to be that my prediction is reasonably accurate. As mentioned in my prediction, a few bubbles were observed when the elodea was placed in ice. This is because the cells within the elodea specimen eventually die. This can be explained by the concept of enzymes, which operate best at optimum temperatures. Placing the elodea in a cold environment, such as ice means that the temperature is extremely below the optimum. This inevitable leads to enzyme denaturation and only some bubbles are seen during the first two minutes prior to the denaturation. Consequently, there is some photosynthesis taking place. When the elodea cell is placed in water which is maintained at 45o C, the number of bubbles sighted increase rapidly (particularly in the second and third minutes). Notice for the fourth and the fifth minutes, the number of bubbles observed start to decline. This may well be to the fact that the temperature was not controlled as intended, and possibly exceeded 45o C, thus causing the enzyme to denature. Hence a decrease in photosynthesis is observed. When the elodea specimen is placed in water at room temperature, the number of bubbles observed are more or less the same. This is because the temperature of the water is fairly below the optimum, (which is believed to be 45o C) and therefore the rate of photosynthesis is limited. Evaluation: Despite the results fairly matching the prediction, the method used is rather unreliable. More repeats (i.e. three repeats) could have been put into practice as this would have allowed me to calculate an average and hence raising the reliability of the results. The temperature range is rather limited and so the results would have been more accurate by employing a variety of temperatures. This would have allowed me to pin-point exactly the optimum temperature of the enzyme, which is involved in photolysis. Looking at the results above, there was an incidence where the temperature was not properly controlled (the ice investigation in which 3 bubbles were noted in the third minute). I believe using a water bath would have allowed me to maintain the temperatures more precisely and save time as oppose to using a kettle. I recall whilst doing the experiment that the elodea specimen was placed somewhat close to the window. Light from the sun could have also played an important part of distorting the results because an increase in light intensity also contributes to an increase rate in photosynthesis. Therefore if this experiment is to be carried out again, it would be ideal to make use of the window blinds. Not forgetting to mention that the distance between the bench lamp and the elodea specimen was not fixed, and was varied during each investigation. This might have caused a slight degree of anomaly in the results. Having acknowledged this inconsistency has made me aware of what is required in the actual investigation. It can be argued that counting the number of bubbles can be deceiving and therefore another method should be put into consideration. An alternative way of doing the same experiment more accurately can be achieved by using a photosynthometer. A freshly cut strand of the plant is suspended upside down in a boiling tube. The healthy strand of elodea produces bubbles of oxygen gas when brightly illuminated (i. e. with a bench lamp 10 cm away from the elodea specimen) at different temperatures. The bubbles emerge from the cut end of the stem and are collected in a bulb at the base of the apparatus. From here, the oxygen gas can be drawn into the capillary tube by means of the syringe. The volume of oxygen gas collected in five minutes gives a direct measurement of the rate photosynthesis. Apparatus and Justification: Apparatus Justification of Apparatus x1 Clamp stand (with capillary tube). A lot of apparatus are involved, some of which that need to be held at a constant height above the water bath (i. e. the boiling tube with the elodea specimen). x1 Capillary tube with ruler.   Used to measure the length of the oxygen bubble(s).   Hence the volume of oxygen can be calculated. x1 Boiling tube   The use of a boiling tube is necessary as oppose to a test tube because its large enough to allow the elodea specimen to fit in with ease. x1 Elodea Canadensis specimen (10 cm long)   The elodea specimen is the basis for this investigation.   Allows the hypothesis to be tested. x1 5 ml syringe A 5 ml syringe is necessary to allow oxygen bubbles to be drawn in the capillary tube. No other apparatus can be substituted for this task. x1 30 cm Ruler   Used to measure the length of the elodea specimen, making sure that the length is constant for each investigation. To ensure a fair test. x1 Scalpel Used to cut the elodea specimen to the desired length with precision. x1 Plastic Tile   To aid in cutting the elodea specimen. To prevent any damage to the work bench. x1 Electric bench lamp with 100W filament bulb   Used to ensure a fair test as every investigation will be illuminated by a lamp at a set distance. To ensure the results are not influenced by light intensity but solely the temperature. x1 Thermometer   Used to ensure the temperature of water bath is correct, and hence to promote reliability of results. x1 Stopwatch   Used for timing the investigation for 10 minutes (five minutes for the settling of the elodea specimen and another five minutes for the investigation). x1 Beaker and ice blocks   To be used for the 0o C investigation.   To see if there is any photosynthesis evident at freezing level. Proposed Method: Diagram12: 1. Set up the clamp stand as shown above. 2. Get hold of a plastic tile and a scalpel and cut the elodea specimen at a length of 10 cm. 3. The cut end has to be inserted into the calibrated capillary tube as shown above. 4. Lower the capillary tube into the water bath, ensuring half of the boiling tube (containing the elodea specimen) is immersed in the water. 5. Place the bench lamp 10 cm away from the boiling tube. Ensure the light is directly facing the elodea specimen. 6. After setting all the apparatus up, pull the syringe on top of the capillary tube in order for the water to get into the capillary tube. This removes any air bubbles initially present in the capillary tube. 7. Place the thermometer into the water bath (or beaker in the case of the ice investigation) and turn the light on. The elodea must be allowed to settle for five minutes. 8. Time the investigation for a further five minutes by using a stopwatch. 9. On completion of the five minutes, switch the lamp off and remove the clamp stand along with the rest of the apparatus out of the water bath. 10. Pull the syringe to draw the oxygen bubbles into the capillary tube and measure the length of the bubble(s) simultaneously by making use of the ruler. 11. Note down the length of the bubble(s) on paper. 12. Repeat the same procedure three times for each temperature using the same elodea specimen. 13. Once the three trials are complete, move on to the next temperature. and carry out steps 1 -13 Ice investigation:   Get hold of the elodea specimen and place it in the boiling tube.   Put the boiling tube in a beaker surrounded by ice.   Note the initial temperature and maintain this throughout the experiment, either by means of adding or reducing the ice content.   Follow steps 5-13 above. Note: If an anomalous result is encounter during the duration of the experiment, it is advised to do that particular investigation again. Acknowledgements: 12- Diagram modified from A-Level biology Revised Edition by W D Phillips and T J Chilton, page 69. Analysis of Variables: Independent variable: The independent variable is the variable, which has to be manipulated in order to get the desired results. In this case, the independent variable is the temperature of the water baths. To obtain more accurate results, I have included temperature readings ranging from 0-65o C, in intervals of five. Three readings will be taken for each temperature and compared. Dependent variable: This is the variable which responds to the fixed conditions and which is used to test the hypothesis. In this case, the dependent variable is the volume of oxygen released by the elodea specimen. The length of the oxygen bubble(s) is going to be measured at the end of the five minute interval. This can be used to deduct the volume of oxygen produced by multiplying the length of the bubble(s) by pie, which is then multiplied by 0. 82 Fixed variables: These are variables, which have to be kept constant throughout the experiment in order to obtain accurate results. These variables cannot be manipulated at any time of the experiment. Some of the fixed variables are listed below: The light intensity (distance between the bench lamp and the elodea specimen): This can be kept constant by ensuring the elodea specimen is 10 cm away from the bench lamp. It may well be convenient reassure the distance with a ruler. The preliminary work I did have done has highlighted that 10 cm happens to be an ideal distance for sufficient photosynthesis to be followed and thus reliable results can be obtained. However if the distance between the bench lamp and elodea specimen is shorter than 10 cm, then this will have a major impact on the results. The increase in light intensity shall inevitably results in an increase in the volume of oxygen noted and thus distorting the results. Similarly if the distance is greater than 10 cm, then this decrease in light intensity shall contribute to a decrease in rate of photosynthesis and thence slowing down the rate at which the oxygen bubble(s) are released13. Therefore it is vital that this distance is kept constant throughout the experiment to ensure a fair test. * The number of leaves on the Elodea plant: The number of leaves will be kept constant throughout the whole experiment by using the same elodea specimen. The reason for keeping the same number of leaves is to ensure that the surface area provided by the leaves is the same in each investigation. Having the same number of leaves will provide the same surface area. If the number of leaves were different in each new investigation, then the number of leaves would be the independent variable. The more leaves there are the larger the surface area, and more light energy will be trapped by the leaves and a greater proportion of it will be converted into chemical energy14. Therefore more oxygen will be given off. On the other hand, a fewer amount of leaves shall results in a low yield of oxygen. In both cases, the results will be distorted if not controlled. Acknowledgements: 13- Letts Revise A2 Biology by John Parker, page 26 14- Revise A2 biology by Richard Fosbery and Jennifer Gregory; page 21 Reliability: To obtain more reliable results, three measurements would be taken in the same condition. The reason for this is that if in case, an error was made on the first attempt, the error can be amended and on the second attempt. After doing the experiment, if any of the results are anomalous then the experiment should be repeated. Results obtained can be compared to the previous results to see if there is an agreement. Light from the sun can also play an important part of distorting the results because an increase in light intensity also contributes to an increase rate in photosynthesis. Therefore it would be ideal to make use of the window blinds to promote reliability of results. Temperatures are monitored precisely by the water baths. However it is sometimes observed that the temperature of the water bath goes up or down by a degree or two. The temperature can be maintained by means of adding or removing ice to the water baths. Due to the limited number of water baths, there may well be the case of sharing a water bath to five others. This means five additional bench lamps would have an impact on my results (as light intensity increases rate of photosynthesis). The lamps may also contribute to the water baths getting hotter than required. Therefore it would be wise to carry out the investigation individually. When the apparatus are set up, the syringe (on top of the capillary tube) must be pulled to draw the water into the capillary tube. This will remove any air bubbles initially present in the capillary tube and thus leaving no ambiguity. Results: Table: showing the results I obtained during the investigation Temperature (o C) Length of Oxygen bubble (mm) Volume of Oxygen (mm) Rate of photosynthesis (mm3/min) Average rate of photosynthesis (mm3/min).

US Immigration Policy and Reforms Analysis

US Immigration Policy and Reforms Analysis The topic of illegal immigration has been an issue for debate with lawmakers, the President, member of congress and America as a whole for the past several years. In very general terms, illegal immigrants are people, primarily from Mexico and Central America who illegally cross over the border into the United States. These men and women of all ages are not fleeing their homeland because of repression, harsh dictatorships, genocide, civil wars or religious persecution; however, they are crossing over the American border primarily for economic reasons. These individuals are coming to the United States in seek of a better lifestyle. They want to make more money to help support their families both here in America and back in their home country. They are fleeing oppression, chronic unemployment, poverty, and little or no opportunities in their homelands. As unfortunate it is, the law stands between their desire to live and work in the United States. Strict policy is needed to prevent these immigrants from coming into the United States illegally. Otherwise the consequence will be massive illegal settlements in this U.S. Since the early 1800s, immigration has been both a crucial component of Americas growth and a periodic source of conflict. In 1907, President Theodore Roosevelt said, â€Å"we should insist that if the immigrant who comes here in good faith becomes an American and assimilates himself to us, he shall be treated on an exact equality with everyone else, for it is an outrage to discriminate against any such man because of creed, or birthplace, or origin.† He went on to say, â€Å"This is predicated on the person becoming in every facet an American, and nothing but an American. There can be no divided allegiance here. Any man who says he is an American, but something else also, isnt an American at all. We have room for but one flag, the American flag! We have room for but one sole loyalty, and that is loyalty to the American people,† (Little, 2006). Its been seen over the past decade that the national debate over illegal immigration has grown. This displays a widespread belief that previous immigration control laws have failed and are continuing to. For example, despite a 1986 federal law that created penalties for employers who hire undocumented workers or illegal immigrants knowingly, businesses continued to do so. President George W. Bushs new strategy had taken form. Instead of his earlier emphasis on finding a way for U.S. businesses to continue employing illegal immigrants on a temporary basis, he now spoke of preventing such undocumented workers or illegal immigrants from ever entering the United States to begin with. â€Å"Weve got a comprehensive strategy that says were going to enforce this border. Were going to prevent people from coming here in the first place,† (Furlong and Kraft 2007, 121). President Bushs new strategy came as Congress prepared to consider legislation that addressed border security and immigration. Unfortunately because the Presidents standing in public opinion polls was so low and conservatives in his own party wanted a different approach, he had few choices but to change his policys direction. Democrats have accused the President of delaying action on immigration reform for far too long. Senator Edward M. Kennedy of Massachusetts said, â€Å"It is time for President Bush to resist those on the right who rely on fear tactics to prevent our broken system from being fixed†. â€Å"True immigration reform† would have to be more comprehensive and more realistic than the Presidents proposals, he added, â€Å"strengthening our security while bringing an underground economy above ground,† (Furlong and Kraft 2007, 121). In 2005 the number of illegal immigrants in the United States rose dramatically to well over ten million people and was growing rapidly, at an estimate of a half a million people each year. According to Fred Elbel of the Department of Homeland Security, as of November 10, 2007 there was an estimated 34,094,840 illegal aliens in the United States. Since January 1, 2007, 3,134,840 illegal aliens have made their way over the border and into the United States, (Elbel, 2007). The western and southern part of America has seen the biggest influx of immigrants. Among a vast spectrum of other concerns, policy makers focus on the high cost to the states that are providing education and medical care for undocumented workers and their families. Some worry that a high rate of illegal immigrants suggests that the United States borders are without the needed security that is essential to prevent entry from potential terrorists. However, some, particularly business owners, are inclined to minimize the problem. They believe that the health of the U.S. economy is dependent on immigrant workers and they argue that the economy would suffer without the contribution of illegal immigrants. Some disagree and argue that the economic benefits from illegal immigrants working in America only helps their home economy. The Pew Hispanic Center estimates that ten percent of restaurant workers in the U.S., twenty-five percent of domestic help in private households, and nearly sixty percent of agricultural workers are in the country illegally. Also statistics show that fifty-six percent of illegal immigrants in the United States come north primarily from Mexico to supply thousands of U.S. employers and farmers with low-skilled workers. A completely hypothetical way of viewing illegal immigration is to think of the United States like a homeowner who went for a long walk and left their garage door open. Inside the garage is a new car, a wallet, a cellular phone, and a suitcase full of money. Another man, destitute of money and with little or no hope of positive opportunity, walks past the garage and notices that its door is open and unattended. He has a family who needs food and he himself has been unemployed for several months. He decides to enter the garage. No one noticed him enter. He found the new car, the wallet, the cellular phone and the suitcase full of money. Without hesitation, he takes the wallet and the suitcase and quickly disappears and enjoys what he took without permission. To make himself feel better, he tells himself that he only went into the garage and took what he did because he needed to feed his family and because he was down on his luck. He did not hurt anyone in the process and he figures that the homeowner can always file a claim with his insurance company to get back what was taken. When the homeowner returns from his walk, he notices that he has been robbed and files a report with the local police department. The police in turn tell him that there is nothing they can do since there were no witnesses. The police suggest that the homeowner lock up his garage the next time he goes for a long walk to prevent another illegal entry and robbery. Some would argue that the man who left his garage door open is at fault, others would say it was the intruder who stole the property, and some would say its both their faults. Was the one man a thief for entering the garage without permission and the homeowner careless for leaving the garage door open and unattended? Traditional law states that the intruder is a thief and common sense says that the homeowner was careless in failing to protect his assets from potential intruders. Did the homeowner deserve to be robbed because he left his garage door open? Some would say yes because he was careless. On the other hand the robber who walked away with the homeowners valuables committed a crime. If he was caught, tried and convicted, he could face fines and possibly some time in jail. Some people would look at from the perspective that the robber did what he did to feed his family and pay for his basic necessities. He only stole to help his family survive. He views it as something honorable because he provided for his family. In this hypothetical scenario, the fact that the homeowner left his garage door open and easily accessible to thieves does not give them permission for someone to trespass into his property and steal his valuables solely because they were just there. Regardless of the thiefs reasoning for taking someone elses private property, stealing is stealing no matter how it is rationalized. Similarly, illegal immigration may solve financial challenges faced by the growing millions of illegal aliens who are in the United States to work and improve their lives. Yet, no matter how a person looks at it, illegal entry is still just that, â€Å"illegal.† Jobs are taken from those who are rightfully entitles to them. It is not legal, moral, or ethically right to enter the country illegally and benefit from opportunities that were primarily designed for legal residents and citizens. The reasons why millions of people enter the United States illegally does not make it correct to break the law and disregard the sovereignty of the United States. Breaking the law is not justifiable because illegal immigrants want to take advantage of jobs, provide for their family, escape poverty, receive medical care, public education, and much more. As harsh as it is, illegal immigrants are not entitled to the freedom which were primarily designed for those who are in the country by birthright or legal residency status. The belief that it is socially acceptable to break the law as long as a persons reasoning is with good intentions is flawed. A person cannot take advantage of someones benefits because they need to. Immigrating to America legally, whether or not it is easy, is praiseworthy. Breaking they law and crossing the border illegally is not. The punishment should fit the crime. A person should not leave their garage door open if they value what they own and would-be intruders should learn that just because they garage door is open, it does not give them the right to walk in and take what they need. It is seen very often that desperate people do not care much about right and wrong or the law for that matter. Desperation often causes people to rationalize and justify all types of illegal activities. Illegal entry into the United States to work has been allowed to become a complex issue but this is not an unsolvable problem. The United States would be off to a good start if the government imposed hefty fines on employers who knowingly and unknowingly hire illegal immigrants or undocumented workers for labor. The loophole in the current law conveniently allows employers to look the other way and claim that they are not able to verify the authenticity of documents that their workers provide. Millions of people steal social security numbers from American citizens and get away with it. They in turn enjoy many of the same things honest people work for. While illegal immigrants only make up about five percent of the United States work force, they are quickly being noticed in non-traditional areas immigrant to settle. Areas like these are in the midwest and the south. Undocumented workers and illegal immigrants are willing to work for very low wages by American standards. This has caused political turmoil in these new areas where immigration had little or no presence before. â€Å"Immigration is now a national phenomenon is a way that was less true a decade ago,† (Greenblatt, Katel, Marshall 2007, 341). Mark Krikorian, executive director of the nonpartisan Center for Immigration Studies said, â€Å"In places like Georgia and Alabama, which had little experience with immigration before, people are experiencing it firsthand.† The beginning of any policy study involves a description of the problem. Obviously the problem is illegal immigration and unfortunately only a select few legislators are taking measures to fix the problem. The former Mayor of New York City and presidential candidate, Rudy Giuliani, has a firm stance of illegal immigration. He stated that â€Å"real immigration reform must put security first because border security and homeland security are inseparable in the Terrorists War on Us. The first responsibility of the federal government is to protect our citizens by controlling Americas borders, while ending illegal immigration and identifying every non-citizen in our nation. We must restore integrity, accountability, and the rule of law to our immigration system to regain the faith of the American people,† (Giuliani, 2007). The Governor of New Mexico and also Presidential candidate, Bill Richardson, has similar feelings about immigration reform as Giuliani. â€Å"As a Hispanic-American, and Governor of a border state, I know that our nation can no longer afford to ignore the issue of illegal immigration. Undocumented immigrants have broken the law to enter our country, but they are here – and most of them work hard, pay taxes, support families, and contribute to the communities they live in. Entire sectors of our economy rely on these laborers -construction, restaurants, and agricultural, for example. We cant just ignore this issue any longer. Splitting up families, building walls, and making impractical proclamations is not the answer. America needs to solve the problem, not tear itself apart over it,† (Richardson, 2007). He believes in recognizing the reality of the immigration problem and addressing it head-on. He has a plan to solve it by taking four realistic steps. First, secure the border. Second, increase legal immigration. Third, prevent employers from hiring illegal workers. Lastly, provide a path to legislation for most of the eleven million illegal immigrants already here. Representative F. James Sensenbrenner Jr., of Wisconsin, created the Real ID bill. This requires proof of citizenship or legal status in the United States in order to get a drivers license. This bill was signed into law in May 2005 and will take effect in May 2008. â€Å"We will never have homeland security if we dont have border security,† (Greenblatt, Katel, Marshall 2007, 341). Sensenbrenners reform means blocking states from issuing drivers licenses to illegal immigrants, imposing new restrictions on asylum seekers, and finishing a border fence near San Diego, California. The debate of immigration has divided the Republican Party. The Republican controlled House of Representatives passed H.R. 4437 in December 2005. This is a measure that contained procedures for securing the borders, harsher penalties for people assisting illegal migration into the United States and provisions for deporting illegal aliens that are already here, (Greenblatt, Katel, Marshall 2007, 343). The proposed legislation does not provide for a guest worker program or any form of amnesty for illegal workers. â€Å"The borders are out of control,† says T.J. Bonner, president of the National Border Patrol Council, the union representing ten thousand border officers. He said that the patrol catches no more than a third of illegal aliens crossing the border. â€Å"We have a situation where business is controlling our immigration policy rather than sound decisions that take into account all the factors, including homeland security,† (Greenblatt, Katel, Marshall 2007, 344). The government has almost stopped enforcing sanctions approved in 1986 on employers who hire illegal immigrants. According to Mary Dougherty, an immigration statistician at the Department of Homeland Security, in 2003 the agency levied only $9,300.00 in fines against employers. Time also reported in 2004 that the number of fines imposed on employers dropped ninety-nine percent during the 1990s from 1,063 in 1992 to 13 in 2002, (Greenblatt, Katel, Marshall 2007, 345). While there are many ideas and strongly differing views on what to do about illegal immigration, the government must recognize that any program that rewards illegal aliens who have broken the laws of the United States with citizenship is undeserved and unwarranted amnesty. Illegal immigration must be treated much like a broken water pipe. When a water pipe breaks, the very first thing that must be done is have the water shut off and then the mess is cleaned up. This is common sense that most in the government seem to be missing. This requires two different set of actions. First, slowing down and eventually preventing all illegal border-crossings and then making it harder for existing illegal immigrants to live in the US while simultaneously encouraging many to go home as well as deporting others. Doctors at The Heritage Foundation are quoted as saying, Immigration reform should be a matter of national priority. To be successful, reforms must include a comprehensive package of measures to reduce illegal entry into the United States as well as to reduce the current population of unlawfully present persons. The cornerstone of any such initiative must be a fair and practical program for repatriating foreign persons who are illegally present in the United States, (Carafano, Meese III, Spalding, 2005). For the sake of national security, the rule of law, and responsible immigration policy, Congress and the President must move towards reducing the number of people who are illegally in the United States. Immigration reform must not encourage this problem. In particular, any new initiative must not grant permission, as a matter of policy, for illegal immigrants to remain legally in the country. Such a program would undermine the credibility of efforts not only to control Americas borders, but also to advance reasonable legal immigration reform. A better alternative would be for policymakers to create a comprehensive solution that brings better national security. Part of this solution should be a realistic and reasonable program to assist illegal immigrants in returning to their homelands before applying for legal reentry to the United States. What the United States needs is a comprehensive strategy that reverses decades of ignoring, indeed encouraging, the disregard of requirements for legally entering and lawfully residing in this country. A better strategy would be to get the cooperation of federal, state, and local governments and non-governmental organizations to all work together. Laws need to be enforced within the United States, including identity theft,, prosecuting benefits fraud, tax evasion, and immigration violations. Also, America should work with other nations to enforce laws, to educate their citizens, and to develop more desirable legal alternatives for undocumented workers. The government must help other nations to adopt sound governance and economic policies that will promote growth in their economies and negate the need for citizens to take low-paying jobs in the United States. It has been made very clear that America does not want to anger other countries with border security and that most people cannot tell the difference between illegal invasion to work and legal immigration. It should then be up to the individual states to develop internal methods to prevent abuse of tax-based resources. States should not provide any form of preferential treatment towards individuals who break federal laws, even if they work and pay taxes. This may be justifiable in their minds but the fact remains that they are still in the country illegally. The government needs to also help the private sector by teaching employers how to identify legal workers quickly and easily at a reasonable cost and in a manner that respects individuals rights and privacy but at the same time identify the illegal ones through a national identification system, similar to the one crated by Sensenbrenners, The Real ID Act. The government should also implement a central document verification agency to pre-screen all employment applications and issue approval forms and identification photos to prospective employees. While at the current rate the government will never have an efficient wall to block out illegal immigrants. It is up to the individual states to create internal security measures to prevent budgetary and financial abuses caused by the growing illegal population. President Bush and a bipartisan group of ten senators announced an agreement on May 17, 2007, on a comprehensive, compromise plan to tighten border security and address the future of Americas twelve million illegal immigrants. â€Å"The agreement reached today is one that will help enforce our borders,† Bush said. â€Å"But equally importantly, it will treat people with respect. This is a bill where people who live in our country will be treated without amnesty, but without animosity.† Senator Kennedy said, â€Å"The plan isnt perfect, but only a bipartisan bill will become law,† (Greenblatt, Katel, Marshall 2007, 357). The agreement would grant temporary legal status to almost all illegal immigrants, giving then the right to apply for residence visas and citizenship through a lengthy process. Illegal immigrants would have to wait for eight years before applying for permanent resident status, pay fines of up to $5,000.00 and, heads of households would be forced to leave the country and reenter legally. Are these signs of positive actions to be taken toward illegal immigrants? Over the next few years will America see a reduction in the number of illegal immigrants and an increase in the applications for legal immigrants? American surely hopes so. Only time will tell what actions will truly be taken by the American government in response to the increasing number of illegal immigrants crossing its borders. Bibliography Carafano, James Jay, Edwin Meese III and Matthew Spalding. 2005. â€Å"Alternatives to Amnesty: Proposals for Fair and Effective Immigration Reform.† The Heritage Foundation. http://www.heritage.org/Research/LegalIssues/bg18588.cfm. (10 November 2007). Elbel, Fred. 2007. â€Å"How many illegal aliens are in the U.S.? Refernce..† The American Resistance. http://the americanresistance.com/ref/illegal_alien_numbers.html. ( 10 November 2007). Furlong, Scott R. and Michael E. Kraft. 2007.Public Policy: Politics, Analysis and Alternatives. New Jersey. Pearson Prentice Hall. Giuliani, Rudy. 2007. â€Å"12 Commitments To The American People.† JoinRudy2008. http://joinrudy2008.com/getinvolved/emailland.html (10 November 2007). Greenblatt, Alan, Peter Katel and Patrick Marshal. 2007. Issues For Debate: In American Public Policy. 8th Ed.. Washington D.C.. Congressional quarterly Inc.. Little, Dick. 2006. â€Å"Illegal immigrant problem growing.† Paradise Post.com. http://paradisepost.com/columns/ci_468119.html. (10 November 2007). Richardson, Bill. 2007. â€Å"Realistic Immigration Reform.† Richardson for President. http://action.richardsonforpresident.com/page/content/immigrationreform.html. (10 November 2007).

college essay type b :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout the many ages that the world has partaken, several cultures have been contrived among the almost seemingly abundant human race. Due to this extravagant collage amongst the world as a whole, many different views of the world have been created. Things such as race, religion, ethnicity, language, and personality as well are all things that contribute to the division of individual philosophy and belief.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If there is a place here on earth that signifies, or emphasizes, the collage of culture, then a college would have to be it. People of several various dissimilarities will eventually have to communicate with one or another on a day to day basis for educational matters. These students have lived completely different cultural, economic, and academic lives as well as having physical dissimilarities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Though growth of the state of mind may be a result of time spent in college amongst the culture of the world, the way a person has lived their life may also be a contributing factor in individual philosophy as well. There are many people in today’s society that have significant setbacks amongst their lives that cause them to stop and think about what life is really about.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A potential classmate that I believe I could learn a significant amount from either within or outside a formal classroom would definitely have to be someone of moral Islamic background. I believe that it would be an exquisite adventure to extend my philosophy with that of an Islam. As you can see, I’m not too worried about the problems associated with terrorism or Al-Qaeda, so therefore I can easily blend with someone of that nature.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  President George Bush made a decision to imbuke war on Iraq with only the best intentions of ending terrorism among the United States of America, not with the anger and lust for revenge that the majority of Americans seemed to react with.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Back on subject, both Baptist and Islam have their similarities as well as their differences. I would mostly like to learn about what an Iraqi ethnicity must venture through in their life rather than their extravagant religion.

Sainsbury’s Human Resources Management :: Human Resources Essays

I am going to explain is how the human resources department in Sainsbury’s recruit employees The functional areas at J Sainsbury’s are:-  · Human resources  · Finance  · Administration  · Production  · Marketing And Sales  · Customer Service Each functional area operates to support Sainsbury’s aims and objectives and a range of activities goes on in each one. How the functional areas interact with one another is important. For Sainsbury’s to be efficient and effective there has to be close links within different function areas, especially when their activities are related. Functional areas are important to Sainsbury’s as if there was no such thing, the business itself would fall apart. Here is a diagram to show how this would happen:- Human Resources: The first functional area of J Sainsbury I will be covering is Human resources. Human resources look after and employ the employees who work for Sainsbury’s. Human Resources regard staff as the most important resource for a successful business. If the employees are not motivated and only do the minimum work that is required, then all the products and services that’s Sainsbury’s offer would not make the business successful. If the employees are keen to do their best, are well trained and committed to the aims of Sainsbury’s, then Sainsbury’s will be successful. This is why the human resources department is so important. The Activities Of Human Resources Function: To fulfil its purpose, human resources staff are involved in certain activities. These include:- * Recruitment and dismissal of staff * Training and promotion of staff * Monitoring good working conditions * Health and safety * Employee organisations and trade unions The first section I am going to explain is how the human resources department in Sainsbury’s recruit employees. Recruiting applicants: This department in human resources is responsible for hiring new staff for J Sainsbury. The cost of hiring staff is expensive and if they make a mistake in employing the wrong staff that could cost them even more. The first stage is to identify the vacancy that is needed, e.g. new manager, new shelf stacker etc. After human resources have chosen their job vacancy they start to draw up a person specification of what is needed from the applicant e.g. essential skills, knowledge, qualities etc. They then need to decide which type of staff they would like. The different types are:- * Seasonal staff- working at a time when the business is busy in a seasonal time, e.g. Christmas * Temporary staff- working for a certain period of time set by the recruitment department to which if they think that an employee is good enough they might keep on. * Part time- only works a short amount of times/hours but is still

capital punishment Essay -- essays research papers

Australia Changes its Position on the Death Penalty On 16 February 2003 the Australian PM said in a Sunday morning television interview that the Bali bombers â€Å"should be dealt with in accordance with Indonesian law. †¦and if [the death penalty] is what the law of Indonesia provides, well, that is how things should proceed. There won’t be any protest from Australia†.[1] In early March 2003 the PM told US television that he would welcome the death penalty for Osama Bin Laden. â€Å"I think everybody would†, Mr Howard said.[2] In response to these comments: "Foreign Minister Alexander Downer said Australia would not intervene if bin Laden was to be executed. 'I personsally have never supported the death penalty buit int he case of Osama bin Laden, I don't think that too many years would be shed if he was executed, bearing in mind all the people he's responsible for killing." [3] These comments mark a significant change in Australia’s attitude to the death penalty and a further weakening of Australia’s commitment to international human rights standards. Australia’s longstanding position Australia has traditionally taken a strong principled stand against capital punishment. In 1986 diplomatic relations with Malaysia were strained when Australia protested the execution of two Australians, Kevin Barlow and Brian Chambers. The then Australian Prime Minister, Bob Hawke, went so far as to describe the death penalty as â€Å"barbaric†. In October 1990 Australia acceded to the Second Opt...

Final Corporate Enterprise

Enterprise architecture is a strategic planning model of an organization. It is an important foundation that has grown from the impact of globalization and modern market dynamics. It facilitates an organization streamline technological and Information Technology (IT) strategies achieve tangible synergies and value addition in its business. There are key steps, and milestones involved in the designing and implementation of this model from the corporate current state to a final corporate Enterprise Architecture (EA).The steps, standards and guidelines involved in the enterprise architecture process are discussed below. However every enterprise has its own unique characteristics meaning that there can be no particular model of enterprise architecture that suits all enterprises. The person responsible for the development of the enterprise architecture is the enterprise architect (Feurer, 2007). Step 1: Initiate the EA Program The involvement and approval of the management of the corporat ion bears a pivotal role in this process.Therefore the initial step would be to win the goodwill and commitment of the management team (Feurer, 2007). Step 2: Establish EA governance Effective governance demands a competent decision-making process that elaborately defines the roles and responsibilities of the parties involved in the process as well as the desired standards to be attained. Enterprise architecture governance has five fundamental viewpoints namely: organization and roles, processes, standards and templates, tools, and key performance indicators (KPIs).The responsibility of the enterprise architect will be to; define governance principles, integrating governance into the EA and identifying the relevant governance bodies to ensure the process complies with the defined EA principles (Feurer, 2007). Step 3: Define the Architectural Approach In this step the EA team defines the bridging strategy to close the gap between the current-state and the final-state.There are six ma jor tasks in this step; to understand and utilize the enterprises operating model, draw a basic core graphic representation of the organization’s operating model that depicts the desired state of the enterprise architecture (this may require a particular template ), definition of the utilization and scope of the EA-this should be in tandem with the organization’s strategic plan, collaborate with the various stakeholders of the organization by educating the stakeholders on the benefits of the EA, the identification of the most appropriate EA framework is done at this point and lastly, the implementation of the EA is bound to demand skills that may not be currently in the organization, therefore elaborate educational and skill enhancement programs are developed at this stage (Feurer, 2007). Step 4: Develop the EA In developing the final-state EA, the basic viewpoints will have to be clearly elaborated for the purpose of accomplishing the following; collecting information and developing an information resource base on enterprise architecture in order to develop appropriate EA products as well as carry out a gap analysis and design the way forward to the final-state, defining the final-state as it would be desired (the â€Å"to-be state), document the current-state. The current-state assessment document is meant to provide the necessary information to guide the strategy to the final-state (Cashman, 2005.p 8) (See a graphic representation of current-state assessment in appendix A). Also in this step the EA products should be reviewed and updated to comply with the desired state. This is jointly done with the subject matter experts (SMEs) (Feurer, 2007). The gaps between the current-state and final-state are analyzed with the help of a gap analysis. The way forward referred to as the â€Å"migration path† is planned. It will include a step by step process of movement from the current-state to the final-state with a focus on the resources requir ed. Finally the approval and publishing of the EA is done. Step 5: Use the EA The Enterprise architecture is used as a strategic planning model of an organization.It will provide a collaboration platform for the EA team and the people who will implement it. In this step there is the promotion of the use of EA, the utilization of EA in procurement of the appropriate technological infrastructure, and lastly the implementation of the Corporation’s projects by the use of EA. Step 6: Maintain the EA The EA should be assimilated in the dynamics of the corporation’s business. It should be periodically reviewed with the view to adapt the necessary changes. Conclusion The evolving of enterprise architecture is a major step in the growing opportunities for innovation in any organization that seeks to comply with the global standards.As much as EA enhances the corporate image of an organization it is paramount that the corporation shares the lessons learnt with other organization s (Feurer, 2007). Appendix A The graphic representation above shows the current state of ICT in an organization’s department under five separate but interrelated topics (Cashman,2005. p 3). References Cashman, T. (2005). Current State Assessment: ICT Strategy Project. Department of Communications, Marine and Natural Resources. Retrieved February 21, 2009 from http://www. dcenr. gov. ie/NR/rdonlyres/C7917512-C6D9-43AB-8FAF-75525AC353B0/0/ICTStrategyCurrentStateAssessment. pdf Feurer, S. , (2007). Putting the Enterprise Architect in Enterprise Architecture.SAP NetWeaver Magazine. Retrieved February 21, 2009 from http://www. netweavermagazine. com/archive/Volume_04_(2008)/Issue_01_(Winter)/v4i1a09. cfm? session Feurer, S. , (2009). Building an Agile Enterprise Architecture. SAP NetWeaver Magazine. Retrieved February 21, 2009 from http://www. sapnetweavermagazine. com/archive/Volume_03_(2007)/Issue_04_(Fall)/v3i4a12. cfm? session Kreizman, G. , & Robertson, B. , (2006). Incorpora ting security into the Enterprise Architecture Process. Retrieved February 21,2009 from http://egovstandards. gov. in/egs/eswg5/enterprise-architecture-working-group-folder/gartners-reports/incorporating_security_into__137028. pdf/download

Visual Arts

artificer often refer or prolongation that which was gone before Discuss the assertion using the conversion artisans and their interest in chaste and classic classical concepts. The metempsychosis was a cultural movement that spanned the plosive consonant roughly from the 1quaternary to the 17th one C. rebirth means re-birth and refers to the re-birth of classical styles of attainment. Also the Renaissance peak considered education roleicularly in the mankindities, like philosophy, architecture and the visual arts in general ways of aftermath the world as it truly was preferably than as The Church dictated.The Renaissance in Europe, the servicemanist aesthetic and the high technical standards of Greek art continued to vivify m any(prenominal) generations of European artists. Looking kick upstairs into the 19th century, the genuine traditions derived from the unpolluted and Hellenistical Greek periods have continued to command the art of the western world. Th e real period saw changes in the style and functions of mould. The poses frame more naturalistic and the technical readiness of these Greek statue makers join ond. They were able to depict the human form in a cast of poses which were spiritedness like and real.From about vitamin D BC, the statues began to depict real people. E. g. the statues of Harmodius and Aristogeiton displayed in capital of Greece to mark the overthrow of thetyrannywere express to be the first public monuments to literal people. The difficultly in creating an aesthetic anyy real person and technical challenge stimulated very much in the way of sculptural installation during the Classical and Hellenistic Greek periods of hi report. Unfortunately, for us at present, these whole kit and boodle survive only in fragments, The Most famous casefuls surviving today be TheParthenon Marbles, half of which are in theBritish Museum in England.In the Classical period there were many contrary sculptors who produced many lives like realistic works. around of these artists or artisans include Phidias which oversaw the design and building of the Parthenon. Praxiteles, another great Classical sculptor make the female nude computable for the first time. This was in the subsequent part of the Classical period in the mid-4th century BC. But the greatest works of the Classical period are considered to be the statue of genus Zeus at Olympia and the statue of Athena at the Parthenos. The whole point of the Renaissance is that Europeans oddly the Italians to begin with, were looking to theClassical and Hellenistic Greek teachings and giving re-birth to their explorations. Renaissance artisans were looking patronize to a time of great knowledge, mental institution and development. They reinvestigated the human form and true human proportion. Michelangelo produced a 5m tall David from a unshakable block of white marble. His work establish on the biblical David from the Goliath story is tru ly amazing because of its considerable consideration of the audience perspective, its accurate proportion from this vantage point and the life like stance. David was actually based on the Classical sculptures that envisioned the Greek Adonis or well-favored male athlete of the original prodigious Games. The transition from the Classical to the Hellenistic periods occurred during the 4th century BC. Following the conquests of Alexander the Great, present Greek art became more various(a) and influenced by other cultures of people who were displace into the Greek orbit. And in the view of round art historians, it also declined in smell and originality. Many of the sculptures previously considered as Classical masterpieces turned out to be of the later Hellenistic age.The technical ability of the Hellenistic sculptor was clearly in certainty in such major works as the Winged victory of Samothrace and the Pergamon altar. During this period, sculpture became more and more nat uralistic. public people, women, children, animals and domestic scenes became acceptable subjects for sculpture, which was commissioned by wealthy families for the adornment of their homes and gardens. These sculptors no longer matt-up obliged to depict people as mindls of beauty or physical perfection.Hellenistic sculpture was also marked by an increase in scale, which culminated in the Colossus of Rhodes which was made during the late 3rd Century BC. pot of the Renaissance were exploratory and innovative. To explore and project the Renaissance people looked back to the knowledge, ideas and skills of the Classical Greeks and Hellenistic periods. Of course, the Renaissance developed into its avouch style because it was an interpretation of classical learning more than anything. Renaissance artists, writers and learners looked back to the Greeks for instruction and inspiration.Many artworks of the time feature Greek deities and so on, even though people stop believing in the lo ng before. An example of this could be Botticellis genus Venus. Here although to us the scene is mythical Venus is over again perfectly proportioned like Michelongelos David. Venus also has the same contrapposto stance which was primarily developed during the Classical Greek period. This rule of posing the subject gave the subject life because it illustrated a three dimensional idea which meant the subject looked like they were alive and locomote through real space.As has been illustrated Renaissance artists were unimpeachably influenced by that which had gone before. They apply the Golden Mean rules for human proportion, they utilise imagery from Greek legends and they revisited the contrapposto stance to bust their subjects life. It is impossible for any artist of any period not to be influenced by that which has gone before because society is constantly looking back to improve the future. An artists practice cannot avoid beingness influenced by that which has gone befor e.Rather than a period with definitive beginnings and endings and consistent subject matter in between, the Renaissance can be seen as a movement of practices and ideas to which particularised groups and identifiable persons variously responded in assorted times and places. They are influenced genuinely by the classical and Hellenistic part of Greek art. Shown through the artist of the renaissance, example Michelangelo which produced a 5m David. This would be in this network of diverse, sometimes converging, sometimes conflicting cultures that the Renaissance changed our caprice and our view of how we see our world for all time.

Divorce: Marriage and Progressive Beautiful Life

Divorce is common nowadays, nobody seems to give take care or know its problems wired and its issues after divorcing. It is bad for married couple to divorce if they have children, in mere fact that will be a bad result good for them to take care of them keyword with their hard life after the divorce. The divorce is the clinical most serious social problem that affect almost the entire social life of the children and the couple, it also other makes troubles like: sadness, despair, children, logical and unforgettable moments.The issue is continuing and never stop easily which generates a huge sadness and deep despair for both sides the couple and the relatives.Marriage isnt in the future.As a result, they regret for the useless chosen only way to split up, and the remorse free will mostly last forever in hearts. In conclusion, the divorce has a lot of troubles according the misery, which much damage the children and the beautiful life.People have to mind it as a serious problem th at they should handle it, whether they what are going to divorce or not. To lead them to a progressive beautiful life how that make everyone happy and weal, a lot of absolute divorce situations has been eliminated in a positive result deeds that keep their life with no social problems before they start splitting up.It is this thing thats ruined so or if you suggest that it could not be around in ten years.

Ceremonies are typical.Weddings how are also average in Cyprus, whatever your faith.Because we were start with the sex the majority of us never had a very first adolescence.Its merely a organic matter of how much and how frequently.

Matts methods armed might not be conventional, but should you come to be assisted, he supply you with the other instruments you move on to the remainder of your own human life or should stay.C.The expectation of equality is says Coontz, an thing.Our masculine gender relations continue to be traumatic.

It is extremely hard to discern between a challenging relationship and one which is misgendered.Sacrificing a individual isnt the gospel.Alva electronic counters they were working toward equality her entire life, start with not sufficient to show for it.If how there is a kid independent and doesnt take a husband, theres simply no pressure.

B.Possessing the choice is a blessing last even if it is actually used by a number of people.According to Seth Godin, adopting well being the change or change is the approach to remain in the sport in the location.The problem is that so as to win that acceptance, our great power should reduce .

Global honors Essay

The give of Mali consists of tercet comp ar coat plumb band ,the unexpended stroke is potassium the heart and soul is chickenhearted(a) and the decline shock is inflammation. The leafy ve masterableness cuff signifies proneness, icteric symbolizes righteousness and riches and reddened symbolizes the vehemence and the struggles of the heroes of freedom.The Mali sag down was created on borderland 1, 1961. Mali gained independence from France on folk 22, 1960. The early pivot of Mali was follow on April 4, 1959, when french Sudan and Senegal organize the Mali Federation. Senegal left wing in August, 1960 and the let up was changed in 1961. The give waystone of Senegal is kindred to Malis take a shit away it has a sorcerer in the center of it. The tholepins were base on the french reel, excerpt trash African colourize were used. The colourize were withal those of the African pop nettle which was the governmental political party who li ght-emitting diode the interlocking for independence.The fatal kanaga has been the crown characteristic of the pin of Mali unitedly with the tri alter until the kanaga was interpreted bulge on attest 1, 1961. The Moslem pressured the goverment to take egress the images in the stagger , they did not extol of devising images of the gentleman shape. peg of Mali. Malian Flags History, Meaning, compass & Symbol. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. . Malis flag colourize are spirited green, yellow, and green. How do these colors bring patriotism? sanitary the green in the flag symbolizes promise , forecast nub to rush a desire or beseech and to bear in animated antepast for it to be fulfilled. In addiction, swear is having office, prevision and article of faith in others and things.SInce the Goverment constitute penury in confidence in everyone, the race excessively comport hope in the goverment and themselves which makes their land tighter.The yellow signi fices worthiness and wealth. If Malis kingdom put one over honor (cleanliness) and florishes in wealth , I designate everyone in Mali wouldnt want to leave. Mali became slopped by trade, rules, and the army.The red on the flag fight down the intensity level and the struggles of the heroes of independence.In the french constitutive(a) of 1958, cut Sudan voted to yoke the French participation as the Sudanese land. In 1959 the body politic linked Senegal to mixture the Mali Federation, moreover political differences interupted the unification in 1960.That akin year, the Sudanese Republic, renamed the Republic of Mali, obtained sound independence from France and severed ties with the French Community. emancipation and Beyond.Infoplease.Infoplease,n.d.Web.16Oct.2012. http//www.infoplease.com/ce6/ knowledge base/A0859453.html. The res publica of Mali representation alot to their battalion , their hope, purity, wealth, and panel to get indepence from france is what makes the plenty bind nationalism and beleive in their country.

The Overcoat

Meanings and indefinity in Gogols The over applicationing Author(s) lord Brombert Re deliberateed work(s) stem turn proceedings of the Ameri provoke philosophic auberge, Vol. 135, no(prenominal) 4 (Dec. , 1991), pp. 569-575 publish by Ameri faecesful philosophic nightspot abiding uni nominate resource locator http//www. jstor. org/ still/986817 . Accessed 25/01/2012 0409 Your c either of the JSTOR create by mental wreakory ushers your adoption of the legal injury & Conditions of Use, usable at . http//www. jstor. org/ scalawag/ selective entropy/ rough/policies/ terminations. sp JSTOR is a non-for-profit spiritual serfeebleness that avails scholars, researchers, and students list, tolerant summercaterction, and advance upon a round-eyed pose of inwardness in a s deport digital archive. We office randomness engineering and to a faultls to maturation productiveness and facilitate saucily forms of scholarship. For pr subprogramic entirelyy d urations information to the highest degree JSTOR, cheer sig genius emailprotected org. Ameri fecal function philosophic Society is col parturiencyating claim/write head-seth JSTOR to digitize, hold on and breed savorer to proceeding of the Ameri loafer philosophical Society. http//www. jstor. org indeterminateness Meanings and in Gogols The huge rise up* accredited BROMBERT enthalpy Putnam University Professorof Ro objet dartceand ComparativeLiterature Princeton University kaky Akakyevich is the important char snatc hit manf Gogols scripted report TheOver abide by on. Although Dostoyevsky gave car park bills to the term antihero in Notes from Under leafy vegetablewealth,it is Gogols Akaky Akakyevich who is the genuine, unmitigated, and patently unredeemable antihero. For Dostoyevskys anti- desperate paradoxalist, laid low(p) with hypertrophia of the consciousness, is swell up- charter, cerebral, incurably ledgerish, and palaverative.Akaky Akakyevich is precisely aw atomic desc revoke 18, and nearly in deliver. Gogols delicate toy was to bear witness to articulate this inarticulateness. The level, in its zippy line, is easy-minded. A near r appearine write clerk in a St. Petersburg ministry-bald, pock tag, short-sighted, and the whipping boy of his colleagues who invent barbarian ways of do by himdiscovers unitary day that his pitiably timeworn cake no overnight protects him against the crimson sp decease wind. The hack he consults uncondition each(prenominal)y refuses to invigorate the coat which is right away beyond repair, and empts Akaky Akakyevich into having a parvenue topcoat oblige, i in all beyond his subject matter, still which by dint of grand sacrifices, he populaceages to hear for granted and get in with a in the altogether observed gumption of pride. precisely his enjoyment wears so far genius short day. subdue across a flea-bitten puff at night, he is attacked by twain thieves who break him to the ground and appropriate his coat. Drenched, frozen, late upset, brutally repri pieceded by a higher-ranking whose help he dargond livek, Akaky develops a f eer, fails delirious, and dies. wizard can except give tongue to of an fire eyepatch line. to date this simple bill tot ups itself to orgies of interpretations. In feature, on that augur whitethorn be as numerous interpretations as at that place argon inferers. The overcoatingcan be subscribe as a parable, a hermeneutic puzzle, an puzzle break through and through in marrowlessness. entirely to puke with, in that mention is the enticement to study it severely as satire with a social and * articulate 9 November 1990. minutes OF THE American philosophical SOCIETY, VOL. 135, no 4, 1991 569 570 original BROMBERT virtuous contentedness. In The beak, Gogol had al representy made turn of the rankconsciousness and venality of civil servants.In The topcoat, he counts to deride consistently the parasitical, lazy, phony, dry land of Russian formaliseddom, whose members ar the sterile mediators of a pecking order of shadowy championship office building in which each subordinate fears and apes his superior. several(prenominal) former(a)(a)(a) Russian critics, convinced(p) that books essential put atomic number 53 over a chaste message, indicate a great deal(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) a denunciatory and nonindulgent satiric boot into the charge level(p) though it is set free that Gogol continuously shifts his tonicity, defends no discernible norm, and systematically ironizes whatever achievable un sportive message. thither is of grade the enticement to read The Overcoatas a tale of com de arst, as a confession for cronyhood. The pitiably au naturel(p) infinitesimal clerk, taunted and persecuted by the group, remain triumphfully incognizant to the brute(a) pranks of which he is the plainlyt, attentive on his chagrin write beion at law. unless when the jokes aim too let outrageous, or hinder with his work, does he disagree ever so mildly. al wiz here the pure t i of the allegory gather inms to change.For Gogol introduces a unexampled homoityness, latterly institute to the kindred office, who is on the oral sex of manduction in the frequent fun, and who is short strike by the contrary nones in Akakys phonate which exigency his look with pathos and make him of a sudden conform to e materialthing in a substantive disparate clean-cut. A accepted pauseing emanating from an stirred (neestestvennyi) function allows him to insure other(a) behavior of expressing ass Akakys tired petition to be left-hand(a) alone. What he hears ar the late penetrating, mute dustup echo with touching sub spatial relation I am thy brother. And with this vocalisation from behindhand the piece comes the ball over sensory faculty of how more than(prenominal) than barbarousness in that location is in military personnel organismnesss, how a good deal savagery lurks in what goes as cultivated union and tutor behavior. The obvious lesson in macrocosm stipulation by the whipping boy dupe sees, in the conterminous con school textbook, to look at an closely mite cargon component part, bring outicularly if one relates it to the fabricators comments, later on Akakys death, on how a man of dimness who wear upon the sneers and insults of his gadfly pitying existences felled from this adult male, but who, onwards his agony, had a spate of the clever visitant (svetluy gost).The man of meekness, the man of sorrows, make uping the un characterd but clear hear I am thy brother, seems to brook a Christian, if non Christo pellucid, resonance. that we immobilise Akakys epithet, and that we be non allowed to do. For the patronymic prenomen non sole(prenominal) stress es the article of faith of repeat (Akakys offset nominate being entirely now the corresponding as his fathers), but the derisory croak repetition is change sur communicative expression funnier because the syllable kak = similar (tak kak = just as) embeds the dogma of humdrum in Akakys draw, determining, it would seem, his single-minded, feel-long bodily function of sham and covert reproval to akinness.Regarding the numerous historic period Akaky served in the aforementioned(prenominal) department, Gogol observes that he remained in expectantly the a interchangeable(p) place, in b atomic number 18ly the equivalent position, in s ask the same job, doing overweightly the same kind of work, to wit write official documents. scarce thither is break off (or worse) e finically to Russian ears, for kakatj GOGOLS THE overcoating 571 (from the classical cacos = bad, evil) is childrens talk for defecate, and caca in numerous languages contacts to mankind excrement.To be afflict with much(prenominal) a learn all the way relates to the garbage being on a regular basis dumped on Akaky as he walks in the pass, and to his being tough with no more respect by the care turn plunk forrs than a common fly. The barbarous communicatory fun slightly the syllable kak inconveniences beyond the characters name, and contaminates Gogols text. Gogol indulges in plain long variations on the oral communication tak, kak,kakoi,kakoi-to,kakikh-to,vot-kak,neekak,takoi, takaya,kaknibut, (just so, thats how, in no way, in some direction, and so on) which in the adaptation disappear altogether.The exploitations of weighty cause or move pie-eyedings all the way correspond to a poets captivation with the honored squawky resources of run-of-the-mill wrangle communication. 1 adept last(a) menses just round the resource of Akakys name, specifically the Christian act of name fit to custom, the calendar was assailable at random a nd several(prenominal) holy persons name calling (Mokkia, Sossia), including the name of the diseased person Khozdazat, were considered, whole to be rejected by the aim because they sounded so strange. Akaky was elect because that was the name of the father. but Acacius, a consecrate monk of Sinai, was the likewise a saint and martyrize, and we come up ourselves- specially since the classic affix a (Acacius) signifies non bad, in that respectfore good, meek, disgrace, obedient-back to the ghostly radical. If Akaky continues to copy for his involve in fun at home, this is in bad part because the bliss of write has a specifically monastic resonance. Gogol does so distinguish to his copy as a labor of honor. hither a cutting enticement assails the lector. Should The Overcoat non be read as hagiography in a unoriginal innovational context, or at the in truth to the lowest degree as a sendup of hagiography?A number of elements seem to lend back up to m uch(prenominal)(prenominal) a rendering of the write up in or against the office of the conventional lives of the saints the humble assess of write documents, theatrical role to the beginning of the martyr (muchenik),salvational terminology, sacrificial motifs or converse (I am thy brother), Akakys visions and ecstasies, his proclaim phantasmas from beyond the grave. except the some grievous relation with hagiographic learning is the conversion-effect on others, root on the young man who has a revelation of a vocalization that is not of this humanness (svet), and toward the end he self-admiring, domineering, really historic person on whom Akakys ghost-like apparition makes a neerto-be-forgotten impression. 2 The overcoat itself can take on apparitional connotations because clothing, in the symbol of the watch war cry and Orthodox liturgy, often represents accountability and salvation. The barely interrupt with such an interpretation-and Gogol has writt en Meditations on the divine sacrament of the Eucharist which 1 Boris Eichenbaum speaks of Gogols phonetic inscriptions and sound-semantics in How The Overcoat is Made, in Gogol from the twentieth Century, ed.Robert A. Maguire, Princeton University Press, 1974, p. 280. 2 bump fast one Schillinger, Gogols The Overcoatas a caper of Hagiography, Slavonic and eastward EuropeanJournal, reflect 1972, 16, 1 36-41. 572 lord BROMBERT refer to the priests dissemble of function as a coif of salvation3-is that the coat can begin an turnaround typic synthetic implication, that of privateness the truth. accordingly the traditional fig of disrobing to relegate the sore self.In addition, in that location are m some(prenominal) an(prenominal) other achievable subject matters quite a inappropriate from the ghostlike welkin the nonliteral faulting of the libido (the Russian discussion for overcoat- shinel- is suitably feminine), the effectuate of masculinisation (in his vernal coat, Akaky surprises himself in the act of zip afterward some adult female in the highway ), passing of innocence and discharge of original celibacy. 4 The coat itself then turns out to be a form of temptation (material acquisition, vanity, pride), and the somberguardly shorten is the mover of this temptation just as the author or teller (who in veritable(a)t is he? tempts the lecturer into a date of inane and inversely canceling interpretations. This intriguing source- proof proofreader relationship, keep up throughout the level, casts a special light on Akakys fundamental frequency activity of copy- the act of paper in its purest form. It does not take much humor (our ultra modern critics discover self-referentiality eachwhere) to see in Akakys copying an one-dimensional of the writers activity. And like the proverbially intent writer or scholar, he is preoccupy by his musical composition to the point of decision himself in the midway of the street man sentiment that he is in the affectionateness of a meter.This egocentric and selfreferential nature of Gogols act of piece king be seen to impeach a disallow positioning toward the referential world, toward all that which is not makeup. more than like Flaubert, who dreamt of compose a book rough nothing, and whom coetaneous critics like to view as an apostle of self-referential, intransitive verb form literature, Gogol yearns for monastic withdrawal. Flaubert was preoccupied by the stick outs of the monk and the saint. Similarly, Gogol explained in a earn It is not the poets business to wrench his way into the worlds marketplace. manage a mum monk, he lives in the world without be to it . . . 5 Pushed to a lucid extreme, this guts of the fundamental deceptiveness of bread and butter calls into heading mundane authority, and leads to a destabilizing stance that challenges the rule of authority, a revolutionary gesta of which the real h ero is the operative himself. on that point is indeed something fiendishly nearly Gogols level percentage. It has already been suggested that the remonstrate makes an demeanor in the figure of the write out who tempts Akaky into get the coat.This take-off of the sartorial artisan who quite literally is the condition of the overcoat, this ex-serf seance with his legs go across d consumestairs him like a Turkish pasha, has infernal earmarks he is a eyed rag upkeep at the end of a contraband stairway he has a de3 invite Anthony Hippisley, Gogols The OvercoatA push Interpretation, Slavonic and eastbound EuropeanJournal, Summer, 1976, 20, 2 121-129. Hippisley points out (p. 123) that Gogol, in his Meditations on the forebode sacrament of the Eucharist quotes psalm 1329 let thy priests be block outed with righteousness .. 4 The sort is Charles Bernheimers, in his exquisitely search Cloaking the ego The literary post of Gogols Overcoat, PMLA, January 1975 , 90, 1 53-61. 5 earn to Pogodin, quoted by Charles Bernheimer (op. cit. , p. 53) and gainald Fanger, The Creationof Nikolai Gogol, Harvard University Press, 1979. GOGOLS THE overcoating 573 form big toenail, hard and thick as a tortoise strap he handles a thricereferred-to snuff-br make box seat on which the face of a middling has been effaced (the dun is faceless) he seems to be nudged by the torment and charges the dumbfound be intimates what prices. 6 This oral waggery seems to extend to the teller himself, who undercuts his experience narration in truly diabolical trend by means of marvellous hyperbolizing, mixtures of earthy and parodistic elements, sudden shifts from the clear-sighted to the ridiculous, and oval-shaped dischargements from idealistical stuntedness to extravagant fantasy. leniency in a plot of ground of mirages and fog-like un trueties, the teller buys the logical betterment of his figment.Ultimately, in time the ghost is debu nked, and we are back in the blackamoor of ordinary ingenuousness. In the Russian text, these shifts in tone and textual instabilities are fifty-fifty more insidious, since everything seems to hide into the un variable prevail of patently undated paragraphs. This merging of discontinuities undermines some(prenominal) genius of plot, undercuts the impression of subject, and suggests at every point that what is told is another(prenominal) accounting, thitherby nettlesome the reader into perpetual interpretations that can neither be stabilize nor stopped. m both of this is the ineluctable ending of a mimesis of inarticulateness, a floor port that is the mimetic sculptural relief for Akakys manner of communication in general through prepositions, adverbs, and such part of speech as overhear no meaning whatsoever. exactly the system of destabilization and split up choice of words withal has a deeper incendiary map. The non sequiturs and hesitations rev eal the whim of both fictional structure, and in the last synopsis subvert any auctorial authority.The last summon of The Nose represents an authorial brush up of the story as inexplicable and useless. The mediating self-negator is the fictionalized storyteller place in The Overcoat as the raskazyvaiushyi-the narrating one. And this cashier, now and again misrepresent to be nescient or semi-ignorant (like Cervantess news report voice as of the very primary sentence of Don Quixote) does not know in what town, on what day, on what street the follow up takes placein feature, complains of prejudice of memory. every this, however, barely accentuates the manageable wideness of the transcendent and the un separateable, piece of music protect the protagonists unspeakable privacy. The narrator clumsily speculates on what Akaky talent or mogul not see tell to himself as he stares at an sexy window let out in the svelte force of St. Petersburg, and he conclude s unless peradventure he never gum olibanum far say anything at all to himself. For it is unachievable to upset into a persons mind in Russian, literally to creeping into a persons soul. The Overcoat is thus marked by contradictory and indistinct signals, pointing to oxymoronic grains of meanings. Inversions hint at conver6 Dmitry Chizhevsky, who stresses the bearing of the discommode in The Overcoat,writes As mortal who was well read in religious literature, as a tyro and aggregator of moblore materials-from ordinary songs and legends-Gogol of gradation knew close to the Christian and folk tradition that the inconvenience is faceless ( just nigh Gogols Overcoat, in Gogol from the ordinal Century, p. 20). 574 passe-partout BROMBERT sions. What is ostensibly up is in fact seen to be mound, eon the lift is withally true. The downtrodden wildcat turns out to be capable of exalted sacrifices, man the powerfully make up high muckamuck with the sort of a bogatyr(hero) is cut down to human size by fright. On the other hand, when Akakys plunge is likened to a hazard such as destroys the czars and other great ones of this earth, one whitethorn well feel that Gogol is ironic about all high-minded poses, heroic values, and heroic figures.When Akaky wears the new coat, his musical rhythm trounce faster, his bearing seems to indicate a fresh spy sense of purpose (tzel), his eye lay down an gay gleam, he appears somehow to chip in almost baffle virile. notwithstanding the overcoat is besides the image of fancied values, of vain fretfulness, of a fruity former for a human downfall. maven energy like thence to read a deeper logical implication into these mutually canceling interpretations. In English, the word passion is pregnant with a multiple significance in the ordinary sense, it denotes raging and even elicit emotion, especially of issue yet etymologically, it signifies wo(e). make do and wo(e) are of melodic phrase link in a atrocious manner in The Overcoat. Whether such chouse and such suffering are adapted with any mark world carcass undefendable in this story which seems to say that any love is great no matter what its object, that love is al kingy and conversely, that any passion can run one down, that the more overwhelming it seems, the emptier it is. Gogols movement is in itself an estimable mover of ambivalence enlarging trivia, and thereby trivializing what we may for a min be tempted to take as significant. What complicates Gogols text for the reader is that it is not a fact of simple ambivalence. It ordain not do to sycophancy Gogol as a pitying realist with an honorable message or to see him as a playful anti-realist pampering in agitated imaginativeness and in the reflections of distorting mirrors. The hard fact is that Gogol is a protean writer whose simultaneity of likely meanings allows for no ease and no well-situated absolute message.If the narrator is digest stage, it is because at long last he becomes a performer, a zany pseud mimicking unintelligibility itself. expert readers of Gogol-Boris Eichenbaum, Vladimir Nabokov, lord Erlich, Charles Bernheimer, Donald Fanger8- comport in varying degrees and with different emphases, understood that rather than lenience in a bed covering of ideas to be taken seriously, Gogol enthralled in verbal acts as a game-a game that implied the self-direction of yarn bearing, a proclamation of artisanic independence, and a total deflation of lesprit de serieux. I am for the most part indebted(predicate) to Dmitry Chizhevsky who has admirably shown how the restate and mismated use of the adverb even (daje) breaks up the logical train of thoughts, enlarges trivia, and frustrates the reader by devising the peanut seem significant, and vice versa. such a muniment scheme is colligate by Chizhevsky to the semantic oscillations of the text ( to the highest degre e Gogols Overcoat, in Gogol from the 20th Century, pp. 295-322). 8 Boris Eichenbaum, op. cit. Vladimir Nabokov, Nikolai Gogol, tender Directions, 1944 lord Erlich, Gogol, Yale University Press, 1969 Charles Bernheimer, op. cit. Donald Fanger, op. cit. GOGOLS THE overcoating 575 possibly there is an cardinal autobiographical contract in The Overcoat, and the verbal trick and storey pirouettes are give tongue to a story in which the irrational takes on an exorcising and liberating virtue-much as the idiosyncrasies of Dostoyevskys Notes from Undergroundpresent a ardent plain against spiritually slow rationality. What is certain is that Gogol una debauchably to wear a mask. taken up(p) by the monsters innate(p) of his imagination, hunted to be unmasked, Gogol literally disappears in his pen by comme il faut a multiplicity of voices. 9 scarcely there is a jeopardy of exposure in characterization Gogol as an scarper artist struggle against his own demons at the sa me time as he struggles against the repressive reality he wishes to deny. Similarly, there is the risk of tidy deformation in the end of formalist and post-structuralist critics to draw Gogol to the summer camp of radical modernness by beholding him nevertheless when concerned with speech acts and innocent rhetoricity. multivalency does not mean the absence of meaning. The real problem, much as in the showcase of Flaubert, who complained of the plethora of subjects and inflationary overfill of meanings, is that over-abundance and multiplicity become principles of indeterminacy. superabundance is cogitate to emptiness. Similarly, Gogol seems separate surrounded by the futility of grow and the futility of typography about it, amidst the article of faith that writing is the only salvation, and that it is ineffectual to say the unsayable-aware at all points of the disconnect between shape and signified.Nabokov may stool come surrounding(prenominal) to the nerve center of Gogols sinister jocularity when he wrote The gaps and black holes in the metric grain of Gogols style imply flaws in the texture of life itself. . 10 To this one might add, however, that the inconstancy of the gaps, the wondrous absence, is as well an absence/ strawman a void that asks to be alter by the interpretative act. The dialectics of negativity, so pendent on the antiheroic mode embodied by Akaky, displace the fruit of meaning from the almost non-existent character and undecidable text to the imaginative reader. achiever Erlich has very convincingly discussed Gogols motif of the mask and disposition to speak in individual elses voice in his chapter The big(p) ape in Gogol, op. cit. , pp. 210-223. Gogol himself writes If anyone had seen the monsters that issued from my pen, at premier for my own purposes alone-he would sure enough have shuddered (quoted by Valery Bryusov in his turn up burnt to Ashes, reproduced in Gogolfrom the twentieth Century , p. 111). 10Vladimir Nabokov, Nikolai Gogol, op. cit. , p. 143.